The History of the Zipper and How It Became Mainstream

It was a long way up for the humble zipper, the mechanical wonder that has kept our lives together in many ways. The zipper was invented with the work of several dedicated inventors, though none convinced the general public to accept the zipper as part of everyday life. It was the magazine and fashion industry that made the novel zipper the popular item it is today. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images The story begins when Elias Howe, Jr.  (1819–1867), inventor of the sewing machine, who received a patent in 1851 for an Automatic, Continuous Clothing Closure. It didnt go much further beyond that, though. Perhaps it was the success of the sewing machine, that caused Elias not to pursue marketing his clothing closure system. As a result, Howe missed his chance to become the recognized Father of the Zip. Forty-four years later, inventor Whitcomb Judson (1846–1909) marketed a Clasp Locker device similar to system described in the 1851 Howe patent. Being first to market, Whitcomb got credit for being the inventor of the zipper. However, his 1893 patent did not use the word zipper.   The Chicago inventors Clasp Locker was a complicated hook-and-eye shoe fastener. Together with businessman Colonel Lewis Walker, Whitcomb launched the Universal Fastener Company to manufacture the new device. The clasp locker debuted at the 1893 Chicago Worlds Fair and was met with little commercial success. Gideon Sundbà ¤ck / Public domain / via Wikimedia Commons It was a Swedish-born electrical engineer named Gideon Sundback (1880–1954) whose work helped make the zipper the hit it is today. Originally hired to work for the Universal Fastener Company, his design skills and a marriage to the plant-managers daughter Elvira Aronson led to a position as head designer at Universal. In his position, he improved the far from perfect Judson C-curity Fastener. When Sundbacks wife died in 1911, the grieving husband busied himself at the design table.  By December of 1913, he came up with what would become the modern zipper. Gideon Sundbacks new-and-improved system increased the number of fastening elements from four per inch to 10  or 11, had two facing-rows of teeth that pulled into a single piece by the slider and increased the opening for the teeth guided by the slider. His patent for the Separable Fastener was issued in 1917.   Sundback also created the manufacturing machine for the new zipper. The S-L or scrapless machine took a special Y-shaped wire and cut scoops from it, then punched the scoop dimple and nib and clamped each scoop on a cloth tape to produce a continuous zipper chain. Within the first year of operation, Sundbacks zipper-making machine was producing a few hundred feet of fastener per day. Naming the Zipper The popular zipper name came from the B. F. Goodrich Company, which decided to use Sundbacks fastener on a new type of rubber boots or galoshes. Boots and tobacco pouches with a zippered closure were the two chief uses of the zipper during its early years. It took 20 more years to convince the fashion industry to seriously promote the novel closure on garments. In the 1930s, a sales campaign began for childrens clothing featuring zippers. The campaign advocated zippers as a way to promote self-reliance in young children as the devices made it possible for them to dress in self-help clothing.   The Battle of the Fly A landmark moment happened in 1937 when the zipper beat the button in the Battle of the Fly. French fashion designers raved over the use of zippers in mens trousers and Esquire magazine declared the zipper the Newest Tailoring Idea for Men. Among the zippered flys many virtues was that it would exclude The possibility of unintentional and embarrassing disarray.   The next big boost for the zipper came when devices that open on both ends arrived, such as on jackets. Today the zipper is everywhere and is used  in clothing, luggage, leather goods and countless other objects. Thousands of zipper miles are produced daily to meet the needs of consumers, thanks to the early efforts of the many famous zipper inventors. Sources and Further Information Federico, P.J. The Invention and Introduction of the Zipper. Journal of the Patent Office Society 855.12 (1946).  Friedel, Robert. Zipper: An Exploration in Novelty. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1996.  Judson, Whitcomb L. Clasp locker or unlocker for shoes. Patent 504,038. U.S. Patent Office, August 29, 1893.

Similes In The Odyssey - 1760 Words

In Homer’s Odyssey, Odysseus transitions into manhood after enduring a grueling journey back to Ithaka. One observes his valor and courageousness being put to the test and sees how he gains a new understanding of what it means to be a man after tragically losing what he values most. To illustrate this, Homer offers the following simile: â€Å"[†¦] as when a man, who well understands the lyre and singing, easily, holding it on either side, pulls the strongly twisted cord of sheep’s gut, so as to slip it over a new peg, so without any strain, Odysseus strung the great bow,† (21.406-9). Homer contradicts the graceful precision of the lyre with the barbaric twisting of the cord of a sheep’s gut in order to allude to Odysseus’s triumph over the†¦show more content†¦Ironically, both Eumaios and Philoitios are among the weakest physically, yet their strength appears more possessive than the suitors. In contrast to the ostentatiousness tha t fuels the suitors’ empty strength, Eumaios’ and Philoitios’ humble nature establishes a meaningful strength by remaining loyal to Odysseus, despite the circumstances. One understands through their devotion that having meaning behind one’s intentions contributes largely to achieving manhood, and consequently, how being meaningful elicits a more genuine strength. While Odysseus indeed embodies strength, it is plausible that his prevailing strength when finally stringing his bow is devoid of physicality, and instead centralizes around the artistry involved in stringing the bow. In some ways, because the word strength itself is not mentioned once during the entire process, Odysseus’ bow serves as a symbol for strength itself. Odysseus is enthralled by his bow when finally holding it; therefore, it is possible that he is in full possession of strength here because he is completely immersed in it. Homer describes him as having â€Å"had taken up the great bow and looked it all over [†¦]† (21.405).Show MoreRelatedTheme Of Similes In The Odyssey767 Words   |  4 PagesThe Odyssey of Homer presents a large variety of themes, and also reinforces them through several different techniques. One of the primary ways Homer strengthens the themes outlined in The Odyssey is through the use of literary devices, specifically similes. On e of the central themes in The Odyssey which is strengthened through the use of simile is Odysseus’ ability to use deception rather than sheer strength to escape perilous situations. Another central theme emphasized by similes is the longingRead MoreThe Birth of the Gods in Homers Odyssey1548 Words   |  7 PagesThe Odyssey   Ã‚  Ã‚   Prehistoric man did not question his existence and reality - he just lived as one with nature. When prehistoric man awakened from this simple existence into the world of intelligence, he began to question his existence and reality. Homer’s The Odyssey demonstrated man’s attempt to cope with their own nature through the illusion of the gods, by using them to carry their burdens of hopelessness, helplessness, and fallibility.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The characters of Homer’s The Odyssey struggledRead MoreThe Odyssey by Homer1316 Words   |  6 Pagesof the time’s culture appropriately. This has been a necessary course of action, to ensure their writing conveys the quest and its respective elements in a manner that will be understood by the responder in the relevant time period. The texts ‘The Odyssey (Homer 8th Century BC), In the Shadow of No Towers (Art Spiegelman 2004) and The Picture of Dorian Gray (Oscar Wilde 1890) have appropriated the archetypal quest in their respective time periods to reflect the values of their context. â€Å"The hero venturesRead MoreEssay on Odysseus as Pawn of the Gods in Homers Odyssey1663 Words   |  7 PagesOdysseus as Pawn of the Gods in The Odyssey   Ã‚   Throughout literature characters have relied upon entities greater then themselves to furnish them with aid as they meet the many challenges they must face. The Odyssey is a tale of Odysseus’ epic journey and the many obstacles that bar his return home. But Odysseus is not alone in this struggle and receives aid from many gods, especially the clear-eyed goddess Athena. There are times when Odysseus beseeches the gods for aid, but other times heRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Odyssey 1175 Words   |  5 PagesThe Odyssey is known to be a one of the greatest epic poems written during the 8th century BC Homer’s epic poem contains stories about Odysseus journey of returning home. However, it is not just about Odysseus’s journey back home but, his son Telemachus who finds out that his father is alive and in order for Telemachus to find his father. He must develop himself to become like his father because his father is known for being a man who is cunning, strong, well crafted, and responsible. In book 2 ofRead MoreThe Epic Hero Faces Death !1348 Words   |  6 PagesKrishma Sohani Professor Stelzer Great Works Of Literature 2315-07 18 September 2015 The Epic Hero Faces Death! The Odyssey is known to be one of the most famous works of literature in history. The protagonist, Odysseus, has gone through many hardships and obstacles to reach his final destination and homeland, Ithaca. Throughout his journey, Odysseus encountered various trials and overcame each one with utmost courage and sportsmanship. One of his most famous encounters occurs at the Land of theRead MoreOdysseus : The Heroic Hero1605 Words   |  7 Pages In Homer’s epic poem, The Odyssey, the Greek poet uses the language devices of imagery, diction, and epic similes, to encompass Odysseus’ role as an audacious leader who also strives to maintain his crew’s best interest at heart. A hero is someone who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. Homer created the character of Odysseus, the epic hero who possess the qualities of being hubris but in the long run makes a bold attempt to do the right thing. Read MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Odyssey 1710 Words   |  7 PagesOdysseus’ Divide Homer’s Odyssey provides a detailed account of the Greek hero Odysseus’ return home after the end of the Trojan War and the many obstacles and adventures he encounters along his journey. Depicting a non-traditional heroic character, this epic poem gives an insight into the intricate relationships between mortals and gods, commenting as well on societal norms and expectations in ancient Greece. Odysseus, though not developing as a character in Homer’s Odyssey, experiences dynamic shiftsRead MoreThe Age Of Homer s Iliad861 Words   |  4 Pagesrelevant to it. From a historical standpoint, the age of the Iliad is relevant as it allows us an insight into the lives of Greeks during a period about which little is known (Robson, 2014, p.238). It is commonly accepted that the Iliad and the later Odyssey were originally composed as part of an oral tradition (Ibid) and only written down at some point in the mid sixth century (Ibid, p.239). There are references to other orally composed epic poems from the same period that have not survived (Ibid, pRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Odyssey 862 Words   |  4 PagesThe Odyssey is known to be one of the most famous works of literature in history. The protagonist, Odysseus, has gone through many hardships and obstacles to reach his final destination and homeland, Ithaca. Throughout his journey, Odysseus encountered various trials and overcame each one with utmost courage and sportsmanship. One of his most famous encounters is his journey to the Land of the Dead. The most important thing Odysseus learned in this episode is his prophecy from Tiresias, the blind

The First American Female Serial Killer - 3507 Words

Table of Contents Introduction 3 Human Development Scale- Max Neef 3 Protection 4 Affection 5 Subsistence 6 Identity 6 Ego Defence Mechanism- Sigmund Freud 7 Narcissistic Defence Mechanisms 7 Immature Defence Mechanisms 8 Neurotic Defence Mechanisms 9 Mature Defence Mechanisms 9 Conclusion 11 The person I am going to analyse in this assignment is Aileen ‘Lee’ Carol Wuornos who was considered to be the first American female serial killer (Anon., 2015). Wuornos was born on February 29th 1956 in Rochester Michigan (Anon., 2015). Her father, Leo Dale Pittman was an alleged child molester and her mother Diane Wuornos was a teen mother who was not capable of taking up the responsibilities that came about with being a mother (Anon., 2015). Wuornos’ mother abandoned both her and her brother when they were young leaving them in the care of their grandparents (Anon., 2015). Her grandmother was an alcoholic whereas her grandfather abused her both physically and sexually (Anon., 2015). At the young age of eleven, Aileen Wuornos began trading sexual favours for money, beer and even cigarettes (Anon., 2015). This also allowed her to be able to be part of cliques and have a sense of belonging. On March 1971, when she was fourteen she gave birth to her only child whom she gave up for adoption (Anon., 2015). At that same time, her grandmother died of liver failure which led to her grandfather kicking her out of the house (Anon., 2015). She was made wards of the court before she ranShow MoreRelatedFemale Serial Killers: Statistics and Research864 Words   |  3 PagesFemale Serial Killers: Serial killer is described as an example of a murderer who kills several individuals over a long period of time. While these people are usually male motivated by various psychological motives such as power, the number of female serial killers has increased significantly in the recent past. Unlike their male counterparts, female serial killers use less visible means of murder such as poisoning in order to keep under the radar and remain discrete (Gilbert et. al., 2003). SinceRead MoreSerial Killers : What Makes Us Kill? Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pageswhat a serial killers mind is like, why serial killers are so popular in American pop culture and, the basic fascination and interest in serial killer cases and, review basic facts and ideas of how we can stop or try to limit cases of serial killer violence and crime, through studies and research. Covering a range of historical, medical and, scientific views in a wide variety of cases and findings, the goal is to expand on the ideas and theories of what causes people to become serial killers. WhatRead MoreThe Various Forms of Serial Killers1018 Words   |  4 PagesThe term itself: serial killer, has so many connotations. Serial killers are very prevalent in today’s society, and are present in tv shows, books, movies, magazines. The public has formed an idea of serial killers that is not exactly all too correct. The general public’s idea of them is very broad, when in actuality serial killer’s come in many, many different shapes and forms. The world of a serial kiler has such a diverse group of people taht just a single, general idea of one doesn’t begin toRead MoreThe Crime Of Serial Murder And Mass Murder1289 Words   |  6 PagesRotten Apples The act of Serial murder and mass murder have similar characteristics, however they are not the same. Before they can be defined, it is necessary to first understand what exactly constitutes murder. According to the United States Code-section 1111, murder is defined as the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought (FindLaw, 2014). With that said, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, â€Å"the term serial murder implies that there are at least three differentRead MoreSerial Killers in the World1085 Words   |  4 PagesOverview In the 1980s serial killers were understood to be a new development, a phenomenon frequently accredited to the excesses of American culture. It was a decade of change, one of freedom and great music. It was also a decade that brought the shock and fear of serial killers. Today it seems as if all societies have serial killers. People in today’s society are left with questions such as: Who are they? Why are they so different? Why do they commit such horrific crimes? There are many theoriesRead MoreCharacteristics And Backgrounds Of Serial Killers Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesSerial killers can be hiding behind the smiles of your neighbors, grocers, and the most unexpected individuals. According to Boschken (2014), a serial killer is an individual that has committed three or more murders over a month without a large gap between murders. Several different characteristics and backgrounds make up a serial killer. Studies have shown that an individual’s background can give insight into the victims and the offender’s relationship to the victims. Serial killers can also beRead MoreWomen Serial Killers or Partners to One678 Words   |  3 Pagesare the victims. Most peoples initial reaction to a woman taken into custody for murder is â€Å"She must have been abused.† There is very limited research on female serial killers, and even less so as women in partnerships with men since they are rare cases. However, according to a study produced by Hickey (2006), 31% of the 64 female serial killers between 1826 and 2004 were in a partnership. Women who enter these partnerships either want to be taken seriously as an offender (Thompson 2009), or wantRead MorePerry Smith: A Passion to Kill1354 Words   |  6 PagesSerial killers have long eluded law enforcement while simultaneously grabbing the attention of the public, and now more than ever, criminal psychologists are beginning to understand what makes a serial killer. In his true-crime documentar y, In Cold Blood, Truman Capote depicts the horrifying murders of four members of the Clutter family and the search to find the criminals responsible for the deaths. Eventually, two killers are caught, one being Perry Smith, a detached and emotionless man. And althoughRead MoreThe Minds Of Serial Killers Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesTOPIC: The minds of serial killers and why they do what they do. RHETORICAL PURPOSE: Informative SPECIFIC PURPOSE: I want to inform my classmates more about the misconceptions, behaviors and types of serial murderers in the United States THESIS: There are many false information about serial murderers that get passed around but there are common traits and characteristics to help spot who they are and why they do what they do. Introduction I. Attention-getting device: Dennis Rader was a seeminglyRead MoreSerial Killers : A Serial Killer1022 Words   |  5 PagesSerial killers have dated back to the Roman Empire where a group of matrons allegedly murdered men with a poisoned ring. Although many centuries have passed and the murder methods have changed, serial killers are still about. However over the course of the years, forensic professionals have determined some general traits that serial killers usually possess. Such traits include childhood abuse, a desire for power, manipulative charm, lack of empathy, substance abuse, fantasies, acting out said fantasies

Justice Is Not Only A Good Thing - 2112 Words

In The Republic, the topic of justice dominates the conversation in Books 1 and 2. Socrates, Thrasymachus, Glaucon, and Adeimantus explore the definition of justice in the individual and state through a series of debates and discussions, with each of them arguing which is most advantageous, justice or injustice. For the majority of Books I and II Socrates defends his claim that justice is not only a good thing in and of itself, but also favorable for the state and individual for its consequences. Thrasymachus, Glaucon, and Adeimantus offer counterclaims to Socrates’ argument in order to elicit elaboration on the role of justice and its importance. While looking at each interlocutor’s arguments, one can see that they all are convincing, but with further analysis, each it flawed in proving whether justice or injustice is the most favorable. Based on the arguments proposed, I believe the views of injustice given by Thrasymachus, Glaucon, and Adeimantus benefit the individu al in attaining short-term, extrinsic benefits. However, Socrates’ view of justice, that justice is in fact more favorable and advantageous than injustice, benefits the individual in gaining long-term and intrinsic, more complex benefits. Thrasymachus argues that perfect injustice is more profitable than perfect justice, even going as far as saying â€Å"on a sufficient scale, justice is mightier, freerer, and more masterful than justice (344c).† In short, perfect injustice, especially on a large scale, will allowShow MoreRelatedPlatos Republic1243 Words   |  5 Pagesthe beautiful itself are followers of the sight of truth, the philosophers. Knowledge is based on what is, or truths. The only established truths are the forms. The forms represent true, eternal, unchanging, or facts. Knowledge stems from the idea of forms. One who has knowledge must understand the forms. Only a philosopher has this understanding, and therefore only a philosopher has knowledge. Contrary to knowledge, ignorance is based on what is not, or untruths. Opinion represents allRead MoreJustice Is Necessary For Society1327 Words   |  6 PagesFrom an early age, we are all taught to be good. More accurately, what we learn is justice, the defining difference between right and wrong. We grow to understand that justice is not just an idea or something we should do, but something that everyone in the world understands and subscribes to. However, at some point in our lives we often waver in how just we are, questioning if being just is really so important. In Book two of The Republic, Plato’s account of the conversation between Socrates andRead MoreIs Ross A Pluralistic View On Inherently Good Things And The Values Of Human Beings1284 Words   |  6 Pagespluralistic view on intrinsically good things compared to hedonists that have a monistic view on intrinsically good things (Skelton, 2010). Ross argues that there is not only one intrinsically good thing, but that there in fact are four intrinsically good things: virtue, pleasure, justice, and knowledge. There should be more than one intrinsically good thing because there can be exceptions to pleasure as the only intrinsically good thing, which is also why a prima facie good thing is an important aspect toRead MoreThe Republic By Plato982 Words   |  4 Pagesto the account of nature and origin of justice. Socrates and Glaucon discuss the theory presented by Glaucon that states that injustice is something that is intrinsically desired by all humans. Glaucon presents this argument to Socrates in order to understand and defend justice for its own sake. Glaucon seeks reassurance from Socrates that justice is not just only good for the positive consequences that it produces, so he asks Socrates to explain that justice is desirable for its own sake and, additionallyRead MoreThe Virtue Of Justice By Thomas Aquinas1489 Words   |  6 Pageslegal realm by connecting the ideas of virtue and justice in a resourceful way. This paper discusses the virtue of justice in general, according to St. Thomas Aquinas’ doctrine drawing mainly on the Summa Theologiae. To efficiently understand what the virtue of justice is, the first thing this paper will seek to explain is the core of virtue in general. Having defined virtue, it will proceed to explore the virtue of justice since a true justice commitment aligns itself with the necessary prerequisitesRead MoreThe Republic, By Plato1172 Words   |  5 Pageswhat â€Å"justice† really means. Socrates truly examines what he thinks the true value behind the word actually is. However, he isn’t alone other characters such as Cephalus, Thrasymachus, and Polemarchus all have something to contribute to the conversation. Socrates is the man who checks the truth behind each one, while Plato shares his thoughts on what Socrates believes is true. Truth in all the arguments and what each person brings to the table help t hem figure out what justice means. Justice in theRead MoreThe Ethical Egoist: Whats the Problem in Plato’s The Republic, Socrates824 Words   |  3 PagesIn Plato’s The Republic, Socrates tries to explain the value of justice to man. Other educated Athenians challenge him, however Socrates pokes holes in all of their statements. Socrates argues that there are many problems with their views on social philosophy, especially when it comes to Thrasymachus’ idea of ethical egoism. Plato delivers his view of justice through Socrates when he responds to Thrasymachus, Glaucon, and Cephalus on the issue. Throughout the discussion, Plato never argues againstRead More Model of Justice in Platos The Republic Essay1705 Words   |  7 PagesModel of Justice in Platos The Republic In what is perhaps his most well-known text, The Republic, Plato explores the fundamental concept of justice, how it is observed in the world, and its application to the lives of men. When he identifies the good in Book VI, which is reality and knowledge in their true forms, Plato also describes the visual world of shadows and false reality that people perceive and is cast by the sun. What follows from these definitions is that, while justiceRead MoreSocrates s Theory Of Justice1202 Words   |  5 Pageslike an answer regarding this type of justice, and if it is good only for its results or good in itself. Socrates argues that justice in the individual is the balance between sprit, reason, and desire (scc. 435a). Socrates’ account of justice, displays a life in which a justice provides benefits not only for the individual, but also society. In this case, Socrates account of justice, does not provide a sufficient reason to be just. Socrates parallel of justice an d health cannot answer Glaucon’s requestRead MoreThe Importance Of Justice In Platos Crito883 Words   |  4 Pagesreflects the development of justice that is first revealed in Plato’s Crito. In Crito, it is evident that justice was carried out in a different manner than in The Consolation of Philosophy as well as each individual’s experience. Boethius was a man who cherished material goods and lacked connection with whom to pray to, God, and defined justice through his own opinion. Socrates possessed the immaterial good of dedication to act in a morally correct manner and reach justice through abiding by the laws

Comedy Free Essays

Lastly this paper will look into the different institutions and beliefs that are being lampooned in these two historical works. What was considered funny in classical Greece was most likely not the same as what the majority of people in medieval times considered funny. Greek comedy focused on criticizing current politicians or undermining intellects such as the sophists, Socrates in particular as seen in The Clouds. We will write a custom essay sample on Comedy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aristotelian made the crowd laugh by delivering the simple message that the sophists were corrupting youth and undermining traditional Athenian beliefs. The crowd was able to laugh because Aristotelian filled his play and characters with situations and traits common to that era such as debt. Profanity was also used a lot and since Greek comedy arose around the same time as radical democracy did they were able to have more freedom of speech and could rant about all the politicians and leaders. This is similar to the medieval story Wisenheimer which seemed to lampoon the corrupt monks of the roman clergy and greed; this is evident when Wisenheimer is referred to as a â€Å"wicked monk† . Wisenheimer was a wolf who constantly lied about being a priest ND a doctor to try and deceive the king. This is similar to the Greek style of comedy in which an institution or authoritative figure is being satirized in a comical way in order to relay a message to the public. However, Greek comedy did focus more on the politics and Intellects as seen through out The Clouds, since the story focuses on Socrates and the sophists and portrays them with wacky characteristics and lines. Aristotelian wrote The Clouds in a theatrical form so that it could performed in front of an audience and take full advantage of the times arresting freedom of beech. However, Wisenheimer was written as a series of poems. The use of poetry in medieval society most likely stems form the fact that poetry was already popular and was the prominent way to relate a message and reach an audience. The poem Wisenheimer was comical because it used animals to represent the different characters that were being satirized such as Wisenheimer himself who portrays the Roman Catholic Church specifically a monk. Wolves are constantly used to represent evil corruption in even today’s stories and cartoons such as The Three Little Pigs and Little Red Riding Hood. Medieval times gave rise to many more uses for reading and writing especially in understanding religion which meant that many more people of different classes were able to read and/or write . This is probably why poetry was a good way to tell a story since there wasn’t the need for everything to be passed on orally to an audience. All in all, comedy has been used through out history and remains an important function in our society today. Comedy is constantly changing and will do so for as long as it is around. The two time periods which we have compared and contrasted elected works from for this paper are both similar and different in many different ways. They used comedy for laughter, to satirized, and to relay important messages and popular beliefs. This is evident through out both works. This paper has shown some of the main differences and similarities in the form, satires, and uses of comedy in Orchestration’s The Clouds and the medieval poem Wisenheimer. However studying these comical works with an open mind allows us to use it as a primary source giving us insight into some of the problems, customs, and beliefs of these two time periods. How to cite Comedy, Papers

radiology anatomy Example For Students

radiology anatomy external oblique ridge alveolar ridge mylohyoid ridge (superimposed over the superior border of the mandibular canal) mandibular canal (inferior alveolar canal) inferior border of mandible mental foramen radiopaque line lamina dura (radiopaque line in the root, called the follicular cortication when it is in the crown) mandibular tori (radiopacity superimposed over the roots in the canine region) genial tubercle (bony projection for muscle attachment) nutrient canals (located in posterior and anterior, but hard to see in posterior bcuz of thick bone) term for the opening of this canal nutrient foramen mental fossa (radiolucent depression between alveolar ridge and mental ridge) mental ridge (chin) L hamular process maxillary tuberosity anatomical hamular notch (bone. dont forget the clinical hamular notch, which is soft tissue) L zygomatic process of maxilla M Floor of maxillary sinus 6 zygomatic arch (pretty sure) septum (septum in the maxillary sinus) floor of nasal fossa Mx premolar landmark radiograph inverted Y-line (made by the nasal fossa and maxillary sinus) not a good picture. But this is the landmark in the mx premolar region that is formed by this soft tissue/cheek mass nasolabial fold anterior nasal spine floor of nasal cavity (extends bilaterally away from the anterior nasal spine) incisive foramen nasopalatine canal (terminates in incisive foramen, not always seen) superior foramina of nasopalatine (on each side of nasal septum) nasal septum small white arrows nasal turbinate (pretty unsure about difference between this and the inferior concha) red arrow on the right nasal mucosa intermaxillary suture (variation of normal, not always seen) soft tissue outline of nose nasal turbinate A inferior concha N coronoid process